What Is Nicotine?

February 15, 2012 jhgreene

Editor’s Choice
Main Category: Smoking / Quit Smoking
Also Included In: Alcohol / Addiction / Illegal Drugs
Article Date: 26 Jan 2012 – 0:00 PST

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Nicotine is a nitrogen-containing chemical – an alkaloid, which is made by several types of plants, including the tobacco plant. Nicotine is also produced synthetically. Nicotiana tabacum, the type of nicotine found in tobacco plants, comes from the nightshade family. Red peppers, eggplant, tomatoes and potatoes are examples of the nightshade family.

Apart from being a substance found in tobacco products, nicotine is also an antiherbivore chemical, specifically for the elimination of insects – it used to be extensively used as an insecticide.

Pharmacologic effects – when humans, mammals and most other types of animals are exposed to nicotine, it increases their heart rate, heart muscle oxygen consumption rate, and heart stroke volume – these are known as pharmacologic effects.

Psychodynamic effects – the consumption of nicotine is also linked to raised alertness, euphoria, and a sensation of being relaxed.

Addictive properties – nicotine is highly addictive. People who regularly consume nicotine and then suddenly stop experience withdrawal symptoms, which may include cravings, a sense of emptiness, anxiety, depression, moodiness, irritability, and inattentiveness. The American Heart Association says that nicotine (from smoking tobacco) is one of the hardest substances to quit – at least as hard as heroin.

According to a report published by the Massachusetts Dept of Public Health, tobacco companies steadily increased the nicotine content of their cigarettes from 1998 to 2004, by approximately 10%. The higher the nicotine dose in each cigarette, the harder it is for the regular smoker to quit. The Department accused the tobacco companies of deliberately making their customers more addicted, so that they could secure sales. Doctors complain that this business strategy undermines the success rates of smoking cessation therapies.Link to article

According to Medilexicon’s medical dictionary:

Nicotine is “A poisonous volatile alkaloid derived from tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) and responsible for many of the effects of tobacco; it first stimulates (small doses), then depresses (large doses) at autonomic ganglia and myoneural junctions. Its principal urinary metabolite is cotinine.
Nicotine is an important tool in physiologic and pharmacologic investigation, is used as an insecticide and fumigant, and forms salts with most acids.”

Another study carried out at the National Institute on Drug Abuse found that nicotine consumption makes cocaine more addictive. (Link to article)

Nicotine’s molecular formula is C10H14N2.

The French ambassador in Portugal, Jean Nicot de Villemain, sent tobacco and seeds to Paris from Brazil in 1560, saying that tobacco had medicinal uses. From his name came the Latin name for the tobacco plant – Nicotianana tabacum.

Nicot sent snuff – powdered tobacco that is sniffed through the nostril – to Catherine de Medici, the Queen of France at the time. He said it would treat her migraines. Nicot, who suffered from headaches, said the snuff helped relieve symptoms. The Queen tried it and said it was effective. She said that tobacco should be called the Herba Regina (the herb of the queen).

In 1828, Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt, a doctor, and Karl Ludwig Reinmann, a chemist, both from Germany, first isolated nicotine from the tobacco plant. They said it was a poison.

Louise Melsens, a Belgian chemist and physicist, described nicotine’s empirical formula in 1843, and Adolf Pinner and Richard Wolffenstein, both chemists from Germany, described its structure in 1893.

In 1904, nicotine was first synthesized by A. Pictet and P. Crepieux.

Side effects of nicotine

Pharmacokinetics refers to what the body does to a substance, while pharmacodynamics refers to what a substance does to the body.

After inhaling tobacco smoke, nicotine rapidly enters the bloodstream, crosses the blood-brain barrier and is inside the brain within eight to twenty seconds. Within approximately two hours after entering the body, half of the nicotine has gone (elimination half-life of about two hours).

How much nicotine may enter a smoker’s body depends on: what type of tobacco is being usedwhether or not the smoker inhales the smokewhether a filter is used, and what type of filter it isTobacco products that are chewed, placed inside the mouth, or snorted tend to release considerably larger amounts of nicotine into the body than smoking.

Nicotine is broken down (metabolized) in the liver, mostly by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Cotinine is the main metabolite.

Nicotine is both a sedative and a stimulant. When our bodies are exposed to nicotine, we experience a “kick”- this is partly caused by nicotine’s stimulation of the adrenal glands, resulting in the release of adrenaline (apinephrine). This surge of adrenaline stimulates the body, there is an immediate release of glucose, as well as an increase in heart rate, respiration and blood pressure.

Nicotine also makes the pancreas produce less insulin, resulting in slight hyperglycemia (high blood sugar or glucose).

Indirectly, nicotine causes dopamine to be released in the pleasure and motivation areas of the brain. A similar effect occurs when people take heroin or cocaine. The drug user experiences pleasure. Dopamine is a brain chemical that affects emotions, movements, and sensations of pleasure and pain. Dopamine neurotransmitters are located in the substantia nigra, deep in the middle of the brain. Put simply, if your brain dopamine levels rise, your sensation of contentment is higher.

Depending on the nicotine dose taken and the individual’s nervous system arousal, nicotine can also act as a sedative.

Tolerance – the more nicotine we have, the higher our tolerance becomes, and we require higher doses to enjoy the same initial effects. As most of the nicotine in the body is gone during sleep, tolerance may have virtually disappeared first thing in the morning. That is why many smokers say their first cigarette of the day is the best, or strongest. As the day develops, nicotine has less of an effect, because of tolerance build-up.

Concentration and memory – studies have shown that nicotine appears to improve memory and concentration. Experts say that this is due to an increase in acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Norepinephrine also increases the sensation of wakefulness (arousal).

Reduced anxiety – nicotine results in increased levels of beta-endorphin, which reduces anxiety.

Humans get their nicotine “fix” primarily through smoking tobacco, but can also obtain it by snorting snuff, chewing tobacco, or taking NRTs (nicotine replacement therapies), such as nicotine gum, lozenges, patches and inhalators.

By far, the most popular way of consuming nicotine is by smoking cigarettes. Worldwide, over one billion people are regular tobacco smokers, according to WHO (World Health Organization).

Smoking in the USA – Approximately 23% of adult males and 18% of adult females in the USA are smokers. Over 400,000 thousand premature deaths in the country are caused by cigarette companies, nearly 20% of all deaths. More people die as a result of smoking than all the deaths due to HIV, vehicle accidents, murders, suicides, alcohol abuse and drug abuse combined.

Smoking in the UK – approximately 24% of the UK adult population are smokers, according to the NHS (National Health Service) – 25% of males and 23% of females. 114,000 smokers die prematurely in the UK every year.

The NHS, UK, says that about 70% of all British smokers would like to quit, but believe they cannot. Half of all smokers in the country eventually manage to give up successfully.

Cigarette smoking originates from the European exploration and colonization of the Americas, where tobacco was common. Smoking tobacco soon became popular in Europe, and then spread to the rest of the world.

From Cigarette To Emphysema: Mapping The Destructive Path

February 15, 2012 jhgreene

Main Category: Smoking / Quit Smoking
Also Included In: Respiratory / Asthma; Immune System / Vaccines
Article Date: 20 Jan 2012 – 0:00 PST

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From the cherry red tip of a lighted cigarette through the respiratory tract to vital lung cells, the havoc created by tobacco smoke seems almost criminal, activating genes and portions of the immune system to create inflammation that results in life-shortening emphysema, said researchers led by those at Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

In a report online in the journal Science Translational Medicine, the scientists, including two from The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, described the track the toxic smoke takes through the tissues and how they accomplish their destructive work.

“It’s like walking into a crime scene,” said Dr. Farrah Kheradmand, professor of medicine and immunology at BCM and a senior author of the report. In their current work, the scientists took cells present in the “crime scene” apart, piece by piece to elucidate what occurred when, and how.

It is a complicated story that took more than four years for her, her co-senior author Dr. David Corry and members of their laboratories and colleagues in the Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center at BCM to unravel, she said. Corry is professor and chief of the section of immunology, allergy and rheumatology in the department of medicine at BCM and a member of the faculty at the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center.

“Previously, emphysema was thought to be a non-specific injurious response to long-term smoke exposure,” she said. “These studies show for the first time that emphysema is caused by a specific immune response induced by smoke.”

“It is a combination of little genes affected by an epigenetic factor,” she said. Epigenetics are factors that affect the way genes are expressed after DNA forms. Cigarette smoke is an environmental epigenetic factor.

“DNA is written in pen,” said Kheradmand, using a metaphor. “Epigenetics is written in pencil. If you have enough genes affected by epigenetic factors strung together, it can tip you over into lung damage and emphysema. The inflammation that drives emphysema could also drive cancer development, a testable hypothesis that we have begun to pursue.”

This study showed that the cigarette recruited antigen-presenting cells (cells that orchestrate the immune system’s response to antigens) as co-conspirators in the lung-destroying crime, using specific genes that regulate proteins in their deadly role.

To uncover the cause of tobacco- induced emphysema, they studied mice exposed to conditions that closely simulated how humans smoke. These animals developed the lung disease in three to four months. Certain inflammatory cells and genes proving crucial to the process, she said.

For example, the cytokine interleukin-17 was critical. “When we removed IL-17 from the mice, they did not develop emphysema in the same time span,” she said. “The number of a type of immune cell – the gamma delta T-cell – would increase dramatically in the crime scene of the lung, she said.”

“But when we took them out, the inflammation worsened. The gamma delta T-cells went there to dampen the inflammation,” she said. “When they become overwhelmed, the disease ensues.”

They confirmed that a subset of antigen-presenting cells (cells that present antigen to activate the immune system) are the key to orchestrating the disease. They had first found these cells in studies of human lung tissue. Then, they duplicated that finding in mice.

Dr. Ming Shan, now a postdoctoral associate in Kheradmand’s laboratory, then took the cells out of the lungs of the mice with disease and transferred into mice who had never been exposed to cigarette smoke. After three months, these mice showed inflammatory signs indicating that they were on the way to developing lung damage and emphysema.

When they analyzed “gene chips” to screen the disease-causing antigen-presenting cells recovered from lungs with emphysema, they uncovered the gene for osteopontin, which promotes initiation of the inflammatory cascade that damages lungs. Mice that lacked this gene were resistant to emphysema, said Kheradmand.

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click ‘references’ tab above for source.
Visit our smoking / quit smoking section for the latest news on this subject. Others who took part in this work include Xiaoyi Yuan,Li-zhen Song, Luz Roberts, Nazanin Zarinkamar, Alexander Seryshev, Yiqun Zhang and Susan Hilsenbeck, all of BCM and Seon-Hee Chang and Chen Dong of MD Anderson.
Funding for this work came from a Veterans Affairs merit award and the National Institutes of Health.
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Identifying Patients With Increased Risk From Throat Cancer

February 14, 2012 jhgreene

Main Category: Ear, Nose and Throat
Also Included In: Cancer / Oncology; Smoking / Quit Smoking; Cervical Cancer / HPV Vaccine
Article Date: 18 Jan 2012 – 0:00 PST

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Independent of other factors, such as smoking history and HPV status, matted lymph nodes appear to signal increased chance of oropharyngeal cancer spreading to other parts of the body

Researchers at the University of Michigan Health System have found a new indicator that may predict which patients with a common type of throat cancer are most likely have the cancer spread to other parts of their bodies.

Patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma who had “matted” lymph nodes – nodes that are connected together – had a 69 percent survival rate over three years, compared to 94 percent for patients without matted nodes, according to a study published online ahead of print publication in Head & Neck.

The oropharynx is an area that includes the back of the tongue, soft palate, throat and tonsils.

“The spread of cancer throughout the body accounts for about 45 percent of the deaths from oropharyngeal carcinoma,” says the study’s senior author, Douglas B. Chepeha, M.D., M.S.P.H., an associate professor of otolaryngology head and neck surgery at the U-M Medical School. “Our findings may help doctors identify patients who are at higher risk for having their cancer metastasize and who would benefit from additional systemic therapy. Conversely, some patients without matted nodes may benefit from a reduction of the current standard treatment, which would cut down on uncomfortable side effects.”

Notably, the findings indicate an increased risk independent of other established prognostic factors, such as the patient’s history of smoking or whether they have the Human papillomavirus (HPV), the study found. Smoking (tobacco and marijuana), heavy alcohol use and HPV infection have each been linked to the development of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Matted nodes appear to be an especially strong indicator of increased risk among patients who are HPV-positive, even though HPV-positive patients had better overall outcomes than their HPV-negative peers. The patients with the best outcomes were HPV-positive non-smokers.

“It’s not clear why we’re finding these survival differences for patients who have matted nodes,” says study lead author Matthew E. Spector, M.D., a head and neck surgery resident at U-M who won a national award from the American Head and Neck Society for this work. “It is possible that there are biological and molecular differences in these types of tumors, which can be explored in future research.”

The results affirm the value of having a team of doctors and researchers from different specialties – radiology, oncology, biostatistics and surgery – working together to find advances that can directly benefit patients, Chepeha says. “This was a collaborative effort and all of the authors made important contributions,” he adds.

The study tracked 78 cancer patients who were part of a clinical trial evaluating two cancer drugs in combination with intensity-modulated radiation therapy. All the patients had stage III or IV squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and had not had any previous treatment. Sixteen of the 78 patients had matted nodes.

“It’s significant that we’ve identified this new marker that can help us predict which patients have worse survival odds,” Chepeha says. “Now we need to go one step further and figure out what mechanisms are at work and how we can use this knowledge to improve survival rates.”

Head and neck cancer statistics: An estimated 52,140 people will be diagnosed with head and neck cancer this year, and an estimated 11,460 people will die from the disease, according to the American Cancer Society.

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click ‘references’ tab above for source.
Visit our ear, nose and throat section for the latest news on this subject. Additional authors: K. Kelly Gallagher, M.D.; Emily Light, M.S.; Mohannad Ibrahim, M.D.; Eric J. Chanowski; Jeffrey S. Moyer, M.D.; Mark E. Prince, M.D.; Gregory T. Wolf, M.D.; Carol R. Bradford, M.D.; Kitrina Cordell, D.D.S, M.S.; Jonathan B. McHugh, M.D.; Thomas Carey, Ph.D.; Francis P. Worden, M.D.; Avraham Eisbruch, M.D., all of U-M.
Disclosure: None.
Funding: The research was supported by a Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Head and Neck Cancer grant from the National Cancer Institute.
Citation: “Matted Nodes Are Associated With A Poor Prognosis In Oreopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Independent of HPV and EGFR Status,” Head & Neck, Jan. 13, 2012.
University of Michigan Health System Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:

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How To Give Up Smoking

February 14, 2012 jhgreene

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Main Category: Smoking / Quit Smoking
Article Date: 08 Feb 2012 – 3:00 PST

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“It’s easy to quit smoking; I’ve done it hundreds of times.” — Mark Twain

There are many different ways to quit smoking. Some experts advocate using pharmacological products to help wean you off nicotine, others say all you need is a good counselor and support group, or an organized program. To add to the confusion, you may find there is a study that says this way works better than that one, and then when you look again, you find there is another study that says, no, that one works better than this one.

But one thing most experts agree on is that a combination works best. For example, nicotine replacement therapy on its own, or counseling on its own is not as effective as a combination of the two.

In this article you can read about some of the more common elements of successful quit smoking programs. And at the end is a list of Top Tips to Quit Smoking.

If you are looking to put together or select a quit smoking program, I suggest you consider four elements in your “combination”: Appropriate use of pharmacological products. If you feel you are severely addicted to smoking, you may wish to consider nicotine replacement products so your body gradually gets used to living without nicotine: always talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or qualified quitting expert first before using these drugs.
Advice and support. Advice and support can help you become more self-aware, identify your triggers and when moments of weakness may occur, develop strategies and contigencies, keep you realistically grounded and on track with your plan, and prevent relapse. Examples include one-to-one or in-person counseling, telephone counseling, internet programs, group support, mentoring, and coaching.
Measuring and recording. To help you see in black and white how much you smoke, how much it costs you, how much you could save; also keeping a journal of your quitting journey.
Improving your knowledge: Read the science, talk to experts, and learn for yourself how smoking damages your health and the health of those around you. Learn how others tackled the challenge.If you have had a health problem, such as a heart attack or stroke, or if you are pregnant or planning to start a family, go and see your doctor and discuss your quit plan before you start. There are more than 4,000 harmful chemicals in tobacco. Nicotine is the one that makes you addicted to smoking. The idea of nicotine replacement products is to help you gradually wean yourself off nicotine. They deliver a small amount of nicotine to relieve the symptoms of withdrawal. Giving up the replacement product is easier than giving up smoking.

Nicotine replacement products come in many forms, the main ones being: Nicotine gum,Nicotine patch,Nicotine nasal spray, andNicotine inhaler.Proper use of such products can often be the key to successfully quitting for good. Here is an example of how it works:

Stage 1: Stop smoking (NEVER use nicotine replacement products if you are still smoking).

Stage 2: Use nicotine replacement therapy (having first consulted an expert about the best product and dose for you) to help manage your cravings. Gradually reduce the dose in line with the program you are following.

Stage 3: Meanwhile, seek out and start on a support program, such as counseling or group therapy. Make sure you discuss your use of nicotine replacement products in your counseling so the two therapies work with each other.

Aim to be free of both cigarettes and the nicotine replacement product within three to six months.

To decide which product is most likely to help you, talk to a qualified expert. Go and see your doctor, he or she may advise you, or refer you to a smoking cessation expert who knows about appropriate use of nicotine replacement products.

Knowing how dependent you are on nicotine can help you decide whether you wish to use replacement products. Some quitting centres may ask you to fill in a short questionnaire, such as the “Fagerstrom Test” to assess your nicotine dependence. This asks you: How soon do you smoke your first cigarette after waking up?
Do you find it difficult to abstain from smoking in places where it is forbidden?
Which cigarette would you most hate to give up?
How many cigarettes do you smoke a day?
Do you smoke more frequently in the morning (in the hours after getting up), than the rest of the day?
Do you smoke even if you are so ill you have to stay in bed?Your answers generate a score that indicates how dependent you are on nicotine. The higher your dependence, the more likely you are to benefit from pharmacological products to help you cope with withdrawal symptoms and quit smoking.

Click here to seen an example of the Fagerstrom Test as part of online Quitting Smoking resources offered by the government of New South Wales in Australia.

Other products are also available, such as bupropion hydrochloride, that target the biologic basis of tobacco addiction. Bupropion is sold under various brand names, eg Zyban, Wellbutrin, and is available on prescription. The drug has a similar effect on the brain as nicotine, it boosts levels of dopamine and norepinephrine to create a sense of wellbeing and vitality. Like all nicotine substitutes, the drug is intended for use with a quit smoking behavior change program.

Evidence suggests that advice and support from others makes a difference to long-term success in quitting smoking. Randomized controlled trials of commonly used techniques, including one-to-one, group, and telephone counseling, show they help smokers quit and remain abstinent. Even brief advice from a doctor has an effect on cessation rates.

The World Health Organization (WHO) takes the view that any professional trained in the appropriate skill should be involved in helping smokers quit: that it is an activity for the whole health care system, providing as many access points as possible for smokers to connect with and benefit from support to help them quit.

Many quitting practitioners employ techniques from cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). These help you change your habitual thinking and behavior around smoking: for example, identifying and managing triggers (the things that make you want to smoke), developing and reinforcing alternative “good habits” such as exercise, relaxation, or self-rewards for each day without a cigarette or each cigarette or packet not smoked.

The techniques should focus not only on the period leading up to and during quitting, but also afterwards, helping you sustain changes in thinking and behavior to remain abstinent.

You don’t have to go to a cognitive behavioral therapist to benefit from CBT techniques. Many other care professionals are trained in CBT because it complements how they deliver their own service. I have met doctors, nurses, social workers, physiotherapists, hypnotherapists, business coaches, Reiki healers and yoga teachers trained in CBT.

An effective program also offers several ways or “modalities” to help you stay connected and on track. For instance, as well as offering one-to-one advice and support, such a program might include group discussions, access to online materials and knowledge bases where you can read articles on smoking cessation, tips and stories from successful quitters, as well as the opportunity to pair up with a buddy or a mentor.

In the UK, under the NHS Smokefree campaign, there are free local services that provide expert advice, information and support to smokers who want to quit. They can help you get stop smoking aids such as nicotine patches and gum, or other prescription products from your GP such as Champix or Zyban if they are suitable for you.

One such example is in Buckinghamshire, where support centres throughout the county offer confidential sessions for a minimum of six weeks. They also work with local employers and set up free workplace groups for staff who find it difficult to get to support centres.

Many quitting programs have an element where where you sit down and quantify the effect that smoking has on your life. For example, you work out how many cigarettes you smoke per day, per week, per year, and how much this costs you. For some smokers this is often their first “reality check”.

For instance, if you smoke 20 per day at a cost of 4.95 a pack, then you discover that:
a wallet of money - savings if you quit smoking In a day you spend 4.95 on cigarettes.In a week you spend 34.65.In a month you spend 148.50.In a year you spend 1,806.75.In 5 years you spend 9,033.75.In 10 years you spend 18,067.50.Some people find it helps to keep a quit journal. You can use it to jot down your plan or little notes to remind you about why you want to quit, and to record snippets of your quitting experience. For example, you may wish to list your triggers and your options for alternative action to avoid taking up smoking again. You could list what you think will be your biggest challenges, such as keeping the weight off: how might you prepare for and deal with that?

Once you’ve reached your quit date, use your journal to keep track of how you are doing. How did you deal with those challenges?

Some people find their journal helps them put things in perspective. On bad days things can look much bleaker than they really are. Looking back through the journal you can see that there have been good days too: what was it about them that you can use in the bad days to help you along? Many countries have “quitlines” where you can call an expert who understands the health effects of smoking, the quitting process, and how difficult it can be to give up.

You may find it helps to stay motivated about quitting to keep up to date with the science surrounding tobacco and smoking. Finding out how other quitters faced and dealt with their challenges can also give you ideas that help you on your own quitting journey.

One resource that offers both these types of information and more is the About.com Smoking Cessation website.

Another resource that may help keep you motivated is the “Within 20 Minutes of Quitting” poster from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The poster, included in the 2004 US Surgeon General’s Report, lists the following statements: 20 minutes after quitting: your heart rate drops.
12 hours after quitting: carbon monoxide in your blood drops to normal.
2 weeks to 3 months after quitting: your heart attack risk begins to drop; your lung function begins to improve.
1 to 9 months after quitting: your coughing and shortness of breath decrease.
1 year after quitting: your added risk of coronary heart disease is half that of a smoker’s.
5 years after quitting: your stroke risk is reduced to that of a non-smoker’s 5 – 15 years after quitting.
10 years after quitting: your lung cancer death rate is about half that of a smoker’s; your risk of cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, bladder, kidney and pancreas decreases.
15 years after quitting: your risk of coronary heart disease is back to that of a non-smoker’s.You can also pick up leaflets, books, motivational CDs, and other resources at your doctor’s, local clinic, health centre and library. There are smoking cessation programs that come in a kit that you can have delivered to your home. In the UK, you can order a Quit Kit from the NHS. When you open the box, it contains materials and resources such as a guide, a route map of your day to day quitting journey, an addiction test, information about nicotine replacement products, calming audio downloads, a stress toy and a tool to help you work out how much money you can save by quitting.

An increasing number of do-it-yourself quit programs are also being offered over the internet. One example from the US is the free to use EX Plan, set up under the National Alliance for Tobacco Cessation. The program, which purports to “show you a whole new way to think about quitting” is based on personal experiences of real ex-smokers and research from the Mayo Clinic. You can explore the site before you sign up and register.

The EXPlan comprises three steps that have to be completed in sequence: How to Quit. This is the preparation phase, where you identify your triggers and patterns and “relearn how to handle them” without cigarettes. In this step you also gain knowledge about addiction and how smoking changes the brain, how medications work, and the importance of having a support network. There is also an online EX Community you can link up with.
Quit Smoking. This is where you set your quit date and put into practice what you learned in step 1.
Staying Quit. In this final step you learn how to keep on being an ex-smoker, make sure the weight stays off and stack up the rewards and benefits of your non-smoking lifestyle.Some nicotine replacement product manufacturers also have online programs. After registering, you answer questions about your smoking habits, reasons for quitting, potential barriers to quitting, what challenges you face, and other lifestyle factors. This information is then used to tailor program materials to the individual.

One such example is GlaxoSmithKline’s Committed Quitters designed to be used with their nicotine replacement gum, lozenges, and patches. Their program, which incorporates cognitive behavioral techniques, includes a cessation guide, tailored newsletters delivered via the web, and behavioral support messages that arrive by email over a 10-week period.

Registered users also have access to an online library of articles where they can read about the health risks of smoking, common misconceptions about quitting, how to deal with barriers, the financial costs of smoking, tips for planning and alternative activities.

choose a smoking quit date and stick to it

List your own reasons for quitting.
Choose a “low stress” time to quit. Set a date and stick to it.
Build a support network around you. Ask for help from your dentist, doctor, family, friends, work colleagues.
Use medicines that help your body get used to life without nicotine: they can double your chances of quitting for good. Ask your doctor, dentist, pharmacist about them first.
Seek tobacco-free environments to curb your temptations: eg movies, theatres, libaries, restaurants.
Plan activities that leave no opportunity for smoking.
Remove smoking paraphernalia from your home, office and car.
Anticipate problems and have a realistic plan to deal with challenges (eg if going out with smokers, practise what you are going to say when you refuse a cigarette).
Exercise: not only can it make you feel better about yourself and your decision to quit, it is hard to smoke when you’re cycling, swimming, or jogging.
Keep your hands occupied. Take up some manual activities: woodworking, gardening, do the housework, keep some needlework or a small book of puzzles or crosswords with you.
Practise the 4Ds when you feel cravings coming on: Delay (craving will pass in 5 to 10 minutes); Drink water (helps wash toxins from your body, keeps your hands and mouth busy); Distract yourself (keep active, do something else); Deep breathing (inhaling and exhaling deeply is soothing and relaxing).Tips list is adapted from the American Dental Association’s Oral Health Topics.

And finally, the most important tip of all:

Persevere and don’t let setbacks get you down. It is like learning to ride a bike: when you fall off, just get back on again and keep trying. There will be bad days, and there will be good days.

Remember, the majority of successful quitters did not stop on their first quit attempt.

Written by Catharine Paddock PhD

Copyright: Medical News Today
Not to be reproduced without permission of Medical News Today Visit our smoking / quit smoking section for the latest news on this subject. Additional sources: What Works to Quit: A Guide to Quit Smoking from tobacco-cessation.org; Oral Health Topics from American Dental Association; A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: A US Public Health Service report. The Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline Panel, Staff, and Consortium Representatives, JAMA 2000; Physician advice for smoking cessation, T Lancaster & L Stead, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; CDC “Within 20 Minutes” poster; smokefree.nhs.uk Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:

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Catharine Paddock PhD. “How To Give Up Smoking.” Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 8 Feb. 2012. Web.
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posted by azure on 11 Feb 2012 at 10:56 am

Too bad the US lags so far behind the UK in offering quit smoking assistance.

I stopped 7 years ago. There were no support groups w/in a 60-70 mile range. The only “cessation expert” was a guy who knew less than I did, was charging $200 for his “assistance” and had worked w/a total of 2 clients.

I used no nicotine replacement, I had tried the gum during an earlier unsuccessful attempt, the nicotine delivery system was unpleasant (and not an effective replacement) for me.

What helped me was a 1986 ACS Quit Smoking book I found for 50 cents at a library book sale. It utilized some of the techniques listed above. It recommended writing down your primary 1-2 reasons for quitting on piece of paper, sticking that in your wallet & reading it at least once a day. I guess now people could type it into their i-phones-perhaps have it as the background of their screen. Just so you’re reminded frequently of why you’re quitting.

The state I lived in uses a portion of its tobacco settlement money to have a “quit line”. You speak to someone for maybe 2 minutes, you are sent some stuff, and that’s it. There’s no follow up call, nothing. Not much value.

At the time, I found a UK NHS site that had a place for people to write what was an important factor in their quit effort (having a new baby in the house, not wanting to expose it to second hand smoke, etc.). I found reading those entries very helpful. I found another UK site that had utilized US Surgeon General reports to create a list of all the conditions that were triggered or worsened by smoking. Again, a UK site, not US site. I printed that out, looked at it every day for about 2 weeks.

I noticed that it listed an autoimmune disorder that I developed when I was in the late teens. I had had the initial diagnosis confirmed by a board certified specialist years later. The BC specialist did not even mention that smoking worsened, maybe even triggered, this condition. If she had, that knowledge might’ve provided additional motivation for me to stop smoking and I might’ve quit years sooner.

I did get some support from my friends.

Overall, I’d say the US does a much worse job of providing people w/the (free) tools for quitting smoking or making it easier for people who want to quit. Now some minimal smoking cessation assistance via health insurance is mandated. That’s progress but it’s still nothing like the assistance the UK provides.

Gee, a single payer system doing more in preventive health care, what a surprise.

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Stop Smoking – How to Stop Smoking With Hypnosis

February 12, 2012 jhgreene

Deciding to stop smoking can a daunting decision. Hundreds of people try everyday and unfortunately many of these people fail. Whether it be with the help of nicotine patches, quit smoking groups or even just going cold turkey. Beating an addiction can be a difficult thing and some people need all the help they can get.

Many people have not heard of how to stop smoking with Hypnosis. Often people that have are skeptical about whether it works or not. There is a lot of mystery surrounding Hypnosis, and finding out how it works and how to stop smoking with hypnosis can benefit you greatly.

Dealing with the cravings of wanting a cigarette whilst trying to quit can be one of the hardest things. The smell of cigarette or even just seeing someone else light one up can push a lot of people over the edge. But with the use of Hypnosis we can combat these urges and eliminate both the physical addictions and the psychological effects.

If you’re one of the people who’ve already tried the different stop smoking tips posted all over the internet, but none of these seemed to work, desperation is definitely one of those feelings that you’re having right now. If you’d notice, most of the tips listed on the internet are for people who’ve never tried quitting before. All over again, you’ll see different writers giving the “basic” advice and tips that you can see basically everywhere.

But the sad part about this is, most smokers are already aware on what these methods are. Probably, a huge percentage has tried doing several stop smoking tips but for some reasons, these didn’t work for them. For example the most common quit smoking advice is to use nicotine patches and gums, however they supply your body with the content that makes smoking even more addictive. This is one of the reasons why nicotine gums and patches never work – instead of keeping you away from the addictive content; these products just supply your body with this stuff.

But today, there are more creative ways on how you can quit smoking, and listed below are some:

Take advantage of technology. Instead of keeping your goals to yourself, it is best that you create and write a blog to keep track of your daily progress; this also avoids the issue of being shamed in public. If other people know what you’re doing, then you would be pressured to maintain and achieve your goals. If possible, write everything that you’ve been going through and the difficulties that you’re having in your blog. E-mail your family and friends and ask them to have your blog page bookmarked, and let them eventually visit it from time to time. Ask them to leave their comments. This is one of the best ways to gain their moral and emotional support that you need. Preferably, write at least three to four times per day – you can always talk about your cravings, and even the different things that you have encountered, as well as the things that you did to deal with it. This way, you’ll be afraid of experiencing “public shame” and you have different people at your back, as they observe you every day as you take the challenge of quitting smoking.
Another brand Among the different stop smoking tips available, you might think that this is a crazy idea, but it would help if you smoke a different cigarette brand. These things may result to negative effects as well, but you might just lose your cravings if you smoke a different brand which has a taste that you don’t like.
Hypnotherapy. Some people think that hypnosis is only for people who want to lose weight, or for those people who have fears that they need to overcome. This is something that is not mentioned in different stop smoking tips – but, hypnosis is effective and surprisingly, people who’ve tried this method had reported the positive effects that hypnotherapy brought them.
Homeopathy. In all the stop smoking cases it is better to use the natural remedies to relief a wider variety of symptoms (like insomnia, weight gain, cough) and nicotine craving. One of the easiest way is to have sublingual spray.

quit smoking

Chantix – The Best Way to Quit Smoking

August 18, 2011 jhgreene

When you reach your quit date, throw away your cigarettes, lighter, ashtrays, and any other smoking paraphernalia. You may still want to smoke, but because it’s no longer pleasurable and there is no way to cut down on the level of Chantix (known as Champix in the UK) in your bloodstream that is making it less pleasurable, you will not be very tempted to go out and buy a pack of cigarettes.

Set a quit date one week from the day you begin taking Champix, which comes in tablet form. You can continue smoking for the first week, but it will become less and less pleasurable. Expect to feel frustrated when you do not feel the relief you normally do when smoking a cigarette, and prepare to undergo nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine withdrawal can produce irritability, headache, fatigue, inability to concentrate, and unclear thinking, among other symptoms.

Always take Chantix on a full stomach and with 8 oz. water to prevent nausea. Do not skip a dose and take the full 12-week treatment regimen even if you do not feel tempted to smoke.

The first line medication options include Nicotine replacements and medication to decrease withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine is the addictive component of cigarettes; gradually decreasing the dosages allows the body to adjust and keep symptoms at a tolerable level.

Stress management and support is important factor in being able to quit and maintain smoke free status.

Varenicline may also impair your ability to drive or operate heavy machinery, as well as cause skin reactions, vivid dreams, fainting and vision problems.

Talk with your doctor about a twelve-week course if you were successful with you week-long cessation period. This second course is designed to help you remain tobacco-free long-term.

Talk to your doctor about your plans to use Chantix (varenicline) to help you quit chewing. Not only do you need a prescription for varenicline, but you should be aware of any risks and potential complications involved.

Chantix is a smoking cessation pill that is designed to help those addicted to nicotine to kick their smoking habit. It is available only by prescription.

Chantix is a prescription oral medication that was released on the market in May 2006. It blocks the positive effects that nicotine has on your brain.

Manufactured to be addictive, cigarettes and other tobacco products are often difficult to eliminate from your life once the addiction is established.

At this point, it might be a good idea to check with your insurance to see if they cover Chantix. Some insurance companies will cover the medication, some will reimburse you for the cost of the medication upon conditions being met, like being smoke-free for 6 months after stopping Chantix.

Be sure you take Chantix with a meal, never on an empty stomach.

Commit to quitting smoking for good. No more cigarettes for the rest of your life.

Take two white pills (one in the morning and one in the evening) for the remainder of the first week of treatment.

Take two blue pills (one in the morning and one in the evening) each day for the remaining weeks of treatment.

Open the patch package and pull off the protective covering. Try not to touch the sticky side of the patch with your fingers.

An FDA-approved smoking cessation drug, Chantix (varenicline) reduces nicotine withdrawal symptoms while blocking nicotine’s pleasurable effects on the brain. And …

Unlike over-the-counter medications that are priced based on consumer demand, Chantix is a prescription medication. In order to use Chantix, you will need to visit your medical practitioner.

quit smoking

What Are the Benefits of a Quit Smoking Timeline?

August 17, 2011 jhgreene

20 minutes after quitting: Your heart rate and blood pressure drop.

Creating a quit timeline for a cessation program is an important first step to a lengthy and difficult process. The new nonsmoker needs to have a clear idea of what to expect as the quit process moves along and what to expect as he is completing recovery.

Having a plan and sticking to it are just part of the smoking cessation process. You have to set a quit day, plan your method of assistance such as Champix or nicotine replacement, keep a support system in place, be prepared for setbacks, and most importantly, you have to want to quit. If you are ambivalent regarding the quit process, then you are unlikely to be successful. Set a goal, inform yourself, and surround yourself with positive images and role models, and the last day you smoke a cigarette could be the first day you reap the benefits of a smoke-free lifestyle.

The cost of smoking includes more than the price of cigarettes. Smoking can seriously affect your financial health, as well as your physical well being and the health of those around you.

Smoking affects your whole body in a negative way. No cell is unaffected by the toxins that you put in your body when you smoke.

The benefits from quitting smoking start about 20 minutes after smoking the last cigarette, and continue for years. From purely cosmetic improvements to significant decreases in risks of serious health problems, quitting smoking now greatly improves an individual’s overall health.

Most smokers didn’t start smoking because they wanted to become addicted to nicotine and smell like an ashtray. A lot of smokers want to quit, but they struggle with self-esteem and addiction. Personal pride and self-esteem takes a major boost when smokers successfully become non-smokers. It doesn’t happen the first week or even the second week, but the third or fourth time the feeling of wanting a cigarette comes around.

Smoking reduces the number of options people have today. Smokers are banished outdoors in many states (California doesn’t allow smokers indoors anywhere and many other states are following). Smokers are a modern leper for businesses, and even companies ask employees to go outside and smoke at least twenty to thirty feet away from the door. A positive reason for quitting smoking is more options for eating, working and free time.

Smoking is an irritant and encourages nasal drainage. According to American Cancer Association, cigarette smoking increases a person’s chances for sinus infections. Quitting smoking reduces nasal problems and sinus infections.

A mother puts an unborn child at risk if she smokes. Smoking promotes premature labor, causing the child to be underweight and develop lung problems. Placental abruption is another possible occurrence. The separation of the placenta from the uterus causes death to the fetus due to lack of oxygen.

Many people find it difficult to quit smoking. However, the risks of smoking make quitting worth the effort. This habit poses many risks such as critical illness, cosmetic drawbacks, and pregnancy complications. Arsenic, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen cyanide are chemicals in cigarettes responsible for these risks as they are poisonous to the human body.

quit smoking

How to Give Up Smoking

August 17, 2011 jhgreene

Nicotine inhalers and nasal sprays work according to the same principle as the gum, but are different in design. Nicotine inhalers are shaped like little cigarettes. When you suck on them, they release a mist of nicotine into your lungs. The nasal spray is like the product you use for nasal congestion, only when you pump it into your nostril it sprays nicotine in your nasal cavity. These work much more quickly than gum and can be used in any situation and whenever they are needed. Since the inhaler is very much like a cigarette, it makes a good replacement. The sprays and inhalers can have many side effects, however, like burning of the nasal tissues or throat, stomach ache and nausea. They are more also expensive than the gum.

Zyban is the marketing name for the antidepressant drug bupropion hydrochloride. These are basically “happy pills” intended to lessen or eliminate the nicotine withdrawal symptoms. To use Zyban, start taking the pills a week or two before you quit smoking so they start working. Zyban is only available by prescription and it should not be used with any other antidepressant drugs. You must be sure to tell your doctor about any other medications you are using when you ask him to prescribe Zyban for you.

No more hacking coughs. No more shelling out money to “Big Tobacco” day after day. No more shortness of breath and no more social alienation. It’s time to quit smoking, for good.

Share your goals with family members and friends. You will need their help and support to quit smoking forever. Avoid triggers that make you smoke. If you smoke while drinking and gambling, avoid these situations as much as possible.

Stopping smoking has immediate and lifelong benefits to health. Since the 1964 Surgeon General’s report identified smoking as a cause of many diseases, research has …

Smoking is the number-one preventable cause of death in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Quitting smoking at any …

Nobody likes to have a bad cough, but one that causes you to cough up phlegm can be even worse. Loosening the phlegm and expelling it from your body can help …

The coughing you experience after you stop smoking is a result of the cilia being repaired. Cilia are the small, hair-like objects in your respiratory system (from your nose to your lungs) that are responsible for filtering out dust and other impurities. If you are a regular smoker, most of the cilia dies and is unable to grow back because of the constant cigarette smoke. However, once you quit smoking, your cilia are able to begin growing back. This causes irritation, which in turn causes your cough. You can tell how fast your body is repairing itself by how hard you are coughing. The faster the cilia regrows, the heavier your cough will be.

Coughing can be a highly unwanted symptom of a cold. After a while of trying to break up the congestion by coughing, the throat can become irritated and the chest can …

Originally developed as an antidepressant, Wellbutrin has been shown to be effective in helping people quit smoking. The drug in Wellbutrin is called Bupropion, which …

Start taking wellbutrin twice a day on day 4. Take one tablet in the morning and one tablet in the evening. Each tablet should be separated by 8 hours. Never take more than one tablet at a time. If you miss a tablet, skip that dose and wait until your next dose.

Learn how to Stop Smoking Forever! Always wanted to quit smoking but never have? Learn how to quit smoking forever with these methods!

Quit smoking – Stop Now

What Is Nicotine?

From Cigarette To Emphysema: Mapping The Destructive Path

Identifying Patients With Increased Risk From Throat Cancer

How To Give Up Smoking

Stop Smoking – How to Stop Smoking With Hypnosis

Chantix – The Best Way to Quit Smoking

What Are the Benefits of a Quit Smoking Timeline?

How to Give Up Smoking

Just stop